Full Length Research Paper
A Critical Evaluation of
Solid Waste Management Practices with Special Reference to Allahabad City
Kalpana
Devi[*]
Research Scholar, Department of Economics, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Corresponding
Author: Kalpana Devi Key
words: Solid waste,
Municipal Waste Management and Allahabad City
ARTICLE DETAILS ABSTRACT
In globalization
era, our modern life style and economic development has been generated a
new problem of solid waste in human life. Industrialization and
Urbanization is a result of Economic boom that generates and provides more
solid waste in our regular life. Due to this, absorption power of waste of
environment has reduced. Environment has been degraded. Allahabad, holy
city of three religious rivers, is also affected from this problem.
Over-population, modern life-style, excess use of automobiles, urbanisation etc. is becoming dirty its culture and its
environment. Allahabad Municipal Corporation spends on average 22% of its
total budget on solid waste management respectively. Despite all, problem
of solid waste has been still lying. Therefore, Solid waste Management is
an important issue for the Allahabad city. Based on primary data and its
testing, it can be said that Solid waste management
practices in Allahabad city are highly efficient in Allahabad City but it is also need to improvement because on the
basis of respondents’ responses, researcher comes to this conclusion that there are
some problems in demand and supply side of Solid waste Management practices
in Allahabad city too.
1. Introduction
In
globalization era, our modern life style and economic development has been
generated a new problem of solid waste in human life. No one could escape from
this problem. Solid waste was being absorbed by nature in ancient time because
it was eco-friendly or natural. But now-a-days, it has become a problem due to
over-population, greediness and economic boom. Industrialization and
Urbanization is a result of Economic boom that generates and provides more
solid waste in our regular life. Materials have been transformed from mud into
steel or plastic. Everything has been packed in polyethylene or can or plastic
bottles because packed materials demand has been raised due to modern life
style or mobilization of labour. Due to these,
absorption power of waste of environment has reduced. Environment has been
degraded.
Allahabad,
holy city of three religious rivers, is also affected. Over-population, modern
life-style, excess use of automobiles, urbanisation
etc. is becoming dirty its culture and its environment. Trees have been cutting
and pollution has been increasing. Uttar Pradesh Government has been started a
programme and scheme for making this city as ‘Smart City’ or ‘Green and Clean
City.” The city is divided into 100 sanitary wards and the entire operation of
solid waste management system is performed under four heads, namely, cleaning,
collection, transportation and disposal. In the city area of about 63 sq. km,
the cleaning and collection operations are performed by the public health wing
of AMC; while transportation and disposal of MSW are being performed by the
transportation wing of AMC. It is dumped into depots (49 depots). MSW is then
loaded into the transportation vehicles, which transport the waste to different
disposal sites. Every year Allahabad Municipal corporation spends on average
22% of its total budget on solid waste management respectively.
Despite all,
problem of solid waste has been still lying. Therefore, Solid waste Management
is an important issue for the Allahabad city. Allahabad Municipal Corporation
is responsible for the management of the MSW generated in the city. Therefore,
measures and revolution has been must to become Allahabad city as Atmanibhar City.
2. Waste and Waste Management
Waste is useless material. Although waste is useless, it is
necessarily created by human activities. We cannot escape by creating waste.
Actually it is a part of human activities that can be economic, commercial,
industrial or residential activities. Where there are human beings, waste is
also unwillingly created. As long as people have been living in settlements and
residential areas, garbage or solid waste has been an issue. It is discarded
after primary use, or is worthless, defective and of no use. It is a natural
part of the life cycle. It occurs when any organism returns substances to the
environment. Living things take in raw materials and excrete wastes that are
recycled by other living organisms. However humans produce an additional flow
of material residues that would overload the capacity of natural recycling
processes, so these wastes must be managed in order to reduce their effect on
our aesthetics, health or the environment.
Besides
the classification based on their sources of origin, such as Solid waste,
Liquid waste, and Gaseous waste also waste can be classified as biodegradable
and non-biodegradable. In general, the waste might be ordered into the
accompanying classes:
Chart-1: 3 R’s Method for reduction
Municipal Solid Waste
Indeed, Indians are old trash, but the
quantity of junk and garbage that is thrown out of the houses all across the
world is huge. Year after year, it can add up to millions of tons of waste
materials that find their way into the landfills. Every industry
contributes to environmental waste that gets added to the soils and landfills
on the planet. Everyday human activities are also a major source of waste on
our planet. This incorporates rubbish or trash from families, schools,
workplaces, commercial centres, cafés
and contains things like food trash, utilized plastic sacks, soft drink jars
and plastic water bottles, broken furnishings, broken home apparatuses,
clothing, and the industrial waste created from such sources.
Status of waste generation per annum in India and Uttar
Pradesh can be seen in Table-1.
Table 1 : Category wise Waste in India as well as Uttar
Pradesh
|
S. No. |
Category of
Waste |
Amount
generated per Annum in India |
Amount
generated per Annum in Uttar Pradesh |
|
||
|
About Waste
Generated |
|
|||||
|
1. |
Solid Waste |
6.2 crore tons |
5.47 lakh
tons |
|
||
|
2. |
Plastic
Waste |
56 crore tons |
|
|
||
|
3. |
Bio-Medical
Waste |
1.7 lakh
tons |
|
|
||
|
4. |
Hazardous
Waste |
79 lakh
tons |
|
|
||
|
5. |
e-waste |
15 lakh
tons |
|
|
||
|
About Waste
Collected and Treated in India |
|
|||||
|
1. |
Waste
collected by Agencies |
4.3 crore tons |
|
|||
|
2. |
Treated |
1.19 crore tons |
|
|||
|
3. |
Being
dumped in low lying areas |
3.10 crore tons |
|
|||
|
4. |
Share of Urban local bodies in Collection of waste |
75-80% |
|
|||
|
5. |
Treated
waste out of total collected by ULBs |
22-28% |
|
|||
|
Time taken
in decomposition of different Wastes |
|
|||||
|
1. |
Plastic
Bags |
20-1000
years |
|
|
||
|
2. |
Plastic
Bottles |
400 years |
|
|
||
|
3. |
Polysrene cup |
50 years |
|
|
||
|
4. |
Plastic
coated paper cup |
30 years |
|
|
||
|
5. |
Glass
Bottle |
1000000
years |
|
|
||
|
6. |
Disposable
Napkins |
450 years |
|
|
||
|
7. |
Aluminium Cans |
80-200
years |
|
|
||
|
8. |
Cigarette
but |
1-5 years |
|
|
||
|
9. |
Milk carton
with wax coating |
3 month |
|
|
||
|
10. |
Paper Towel |
2-4 weeks |
|
|
||
Source:
Uttar Pradesh State Solid Waste management Policy, Urban Development
Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh
On
the above account, it can be said that the waste management has emerged as a
huge challenge in the country. Not only the waste has increased in quantity,
but the characteristics of waste have also changed tremendously over a period,
with the introduction of so many new gadgets and equipment. The status of tonne per day waste has been compiling in the Table 2 from
the various annual report of CPCB.
Table 2: Solid Waste
in India and UP in TPD
|
Year |
India |
Uttar Pradesh |
||||||
|
Generated |
Collected |
Treated |
Landfilled |
Generated |
Collected |
Treated |
Landfilled |
|
|
2013-14 |
142566 |
117645 |
22665 |
0 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
2014-15 |
141064 |
127531 |
34752 |
4515 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
2015-16 |
135198.27 |
111027.55 |
25572.25 |
47415.62 |
15192 |
11394 |
1857 |
0 |
|
2016-17 |
119140.9 |
116685.9 |
24045.05 |
49836.57 |
15500 |
12000 |
3115 |
0 |
|
2017-18 |
43298.385 |
45082.15 |
15386.81 |
22904.7 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
2018-19 |
152076.7 |
149748.6 |
55759.6 |
50161.33 |
17377.3 |
17329.4 |
4615 |
0 |
|
2019-20 |
150847.1 |
146053.8 |
70973.2 |
40863.2 |
14468 |
13955 |
5395 |
0 |
|
2020-21 |
160038.9 |
152749.5 |
79956.3 |
29429.2 |
14710 |
14292 |
5520 |
0 |
Sources:
Various Reports of CPCB, New Delhi.
It shows the real picture of the problem that is generated from the
waste in every year. Therefore storage, collection, transfers and disposing of
waste is must in the country as well as Uttar Pradesh. In other words, waste
management has become a need of the country as well as Uttar Pradesh. Waste
management are the activities and actions required to
manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. It is intended to reduce
adverse effects on human health, the environment or aesthetics. So waste
management is all about how solid waste can be changed and used as a valuable
resource.
This paper is based on Municipal Solid Waste Management therefore Municipal
solid waste management involves activities associated with six basic principles
of solid waste generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport,
processing and disposal. The collecting, treating and disposing off solid
material that is discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer
useful. Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can create unsanitary
conditions and these conditions in turn can lead to pollution of the
environment and to outbreaks of vector- borne disease that is diseases spread
by rodents and insects. The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling)
Rules 2000, prescribed under the Environment Protection Act 1986 by the
Government of India define municipal waste as "includes commercial and
residential wastes generated in a municipal or notified areas in either solid
or semi-solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated
bio-medical wastes"
3. About the study Area
Allahabad District is one of the districts of
Uttar Pradesh state of India, Allahabad, a holy city or City of God in Persian,
also known as Prayag, is a city in the North Indian
state of Uttar Pradesh. The city has a population of about 1,117,094 inhabitants
(AMC, 2011). It
has an area of 5482.10
sq.km. It has a population of 49.36 lakh and is densely populated with 911
persons per sq. km. There are eight tehsil namely Allahabad, Handia, Phulpur, Soraon, Karchhana, Meja, Koraon, Bara in Allahabd District. It has 20 blocks namely Pratapur, Phulpur, Meja, Mauaima, Manda, Koraon, Kaurihar-1,
Kaurihar-2, Kaundhariya, Karchhana,
Jasra, Holagarh, Handia, Chaka, Baharatiya, Dhanupur, Uruwa, Soraon, Shankargarh, Saidabad. 75% population lives in rural area. Highest population is found in
Allahabad (M.Corp.+OG) area
while lowest is found in Chak Imam Ali (CT) It can be
concluded that higher population lives in rural area in Allahabad district
& 68% literacy rate is found in this area. Government tries to make clean
& green city of it. Therefore they implement a policy for it to convert
this city as SMART CITY. In this study, researcher analyses it on the basis of
some statistical tools.
4. Objectives,
Hypothesis and Research Methodology of the Study
The main
objectives of this study are as follows:-
1.To highlights the types and amount of solid waste generation.
2.To examine the efficiency of solid waste management practices in Allahabad
City.
To
fulfill the objectives following Hypothesis has been formulated-
H0: Solid waste management practices in Allahabad city are not
statistically highly efficient.
H1: Solid waste management practices in Allahabad city are statistically
highly efficient.
For testing the formulated hypothesis, following
research methodology has been used-
·This study is
based on Explanatory Research Method.
·The study is
conducted on the basis of both Primary data that are collected from Allahabad
City.
·Allahabad
city of Uttar Pradesh is purposively selected as the study area.
·The primary data will be
obtained from the 300 respondents in Allahabad city using simple random
sampling method.
5. Critical Evaluation of
Solid Waste Management Practice in Allahabad City
For testing
the hypothesis of the study, nine indicators are used as efficiency of solid
waste management practices in Allahabad City and then t-test has been applied
on each indicator. These indicators are-
•Storing Solid
Waste
•Storing
household rubbish
•Segregation
different type of waste
•Segregation
of waste by telling collection service provider
•Having large
bins in your area
•Having
regular garbage collection in your area
•Using garbage
collection services
•Satisfied
with your current garbage provide service
•Dumping their
waste alongside the garbage bins instead of putting it inside
On the basis
of primary survey, responses of the respondents for these indicators are
tabulated-
Table-3: Results of
Primary Survey
|
S.N. |
Particulars |
Frequency
in % |
|
|
Yes |
No |
||
|
1 |
Storing
Solid Waste |
77.5 |
22.5 |
|
2 |
Storing
household rubbish |
79.6 |
20.4 |
|
3 |
Segregation
different type of waste |
10 |
90 |
|
4 |
Segregation
of waste by telling collection service provider |
15 |
85 |
|
5 |
Having
large bins in your area |
67 |
33 |
|
6 |
Having
regular garbage collection in your area |
72 |
28 |
|
7 |
Using garbage
collection services |
70 |
30 |
|
8 |
Satisfied
with your current garbage provide service |
58 |
42 |
|
9 |
Dumping
their waste alongside the garbage bins instead of putting it inside |
15 |
85 |
Sources:
Collected from field by Researcher
All above
indicators are used as a symbol of efficiency of solid waste management
practices because if it will done regularly or will find regularly in Allahabad
City, it will show the efficiency of solid waste management practice.
This
hypothesis is tested on one sample t-test at 1.5 value because for apprising
it, two point Likert scale is used in which 1 is
assigned for No, 2 is for yes. Test value is equal to 1.5 means that
respondents are always doing it regularly or every functions that are related to
solid waste management has been doing regularly. In other words, universe mean
is equal to 1.5 which will be equal to sample mean.
Table-4: One-Sample Statistics for efficiency of solid waste
management practices in Allahabad City
|
Indicators |
N |
Mean |
SD |
SE(Mean) |
|
Storing Solid Waste |
275 |
1.77 |
.419 |
.025 |
|
Storing household rubbish |
275 |
1.80 |
.403 |
.024 |
|
Segregation different type of waste |
275 |
1.10 |
.303 |
.018 |
|
Segregation of waste by telling collection
service provider |
275 |
1.15 |
.357 |
.022 |
|
Having large bins in your area |
275 |
1.67 |
.471 |
.028 |
|
Having regular garbage collection in your area |
275 |
1.72 |
.450 |
.027 |
|
Using garbage collection services |
275 |
1.70 |
.460 |
.028 |
|
Satisfied with your current garbage provide
service |
275 |
1.58 |
.495 |
.030 |
|
Dumping their waste alongside the garbage bins
instead of putting it inside |
275 |
1.15 |
.357 |
.022 |
Sources: Calculated by Researcher through SPSS
The mean value of six answers is more than 1.5 while mean
value of three answers have less than 1.5 (Table-4). This difference is
statistically significant at 274 degree of freedom and 5% level of
significance. The p-value of all statistics is less than 0.05 (Table-5) which
shows that Null Hypothesis will be rejected and alternative hypothesis will be
accepted at two tail student test.
Table 5: One-Sample Test for efficiency of solid waste management practices in Allahabad City
|
Indicators |
Test Value = 1.5 |
|||||
|
t |
df |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
Mean Difference |
95% Confidence
Interval of the Difference |
||
|
Lower |
Upper |
|||||
|
Storing Solid Waste |
10.875 |
274 |
.000 |
.275 |
.22 |
.32 |
|
Storing household rubbish |
12.182 |
274 |
.000 |
.296 |
.25 |
.34 |
|
Segregation different type of waste |
-21.795 |
274 |
.000 |
-.398 |
-.43 |
-.36 |
|
Segregation of waste by telling collection
service provider |
-16.308 |
274 |
.000 |
-.351 |
-.39 |
-.31 |
|
Having large bins in your area |
5.948 |
274 |
.000 |
.169 |
.11 |
.23 |
|
Having regular garbage collection in your area |
8.111 |
274 |
.000 |
.220 |
.17 |
.27 |
|
Using garbage collection services |
7.146 |
274 |
.000 |
.198 |
.14 |
.25 |
|
Satisfied with your current garbage provide
service |
2.621 |
274 |
.009 |
.078 |
.02 |
.14 |
|
Dumping their waste alongside the garbage bins
instead of putting it inside |
-16.308 |
274 |
.000 |
-.351 |
-.39 |
-.31 |
Sources: Calculated by Researcher through SPSS
Results
Since mean of
six answers out of nine are more than 1.5 therefore null hypothesis is rejected
and alternative Hypothesis is accepted.
6. Conclusion
Based on testing, it can
be said that Solid waste management practices in
Allahabad city are highly efficient in Allahabad City but it is also need to improvement because on the basis
of respondents’ responses, researcher comes to this conclusion that there are some
problems in demand and supply side of Solid waste Management practices in
Allahabad city too.
Supply Side Problem –
·Door to door collection
is only very low near about 61% in each wards.
·Only one collection motor is
assigned in each mauhalla or area to collect door to
door collection of waste by Nagar Nigam.
·Collectors charge Rs. 50-200/- for collecting waste to the citizen.
·They are not permanent staff
of the AMC. Therefore the frequency of leaving jobs are
high.
·There are no proper
waste dustbins on the road side.
·The existing dump
sites/trenching grounds namely, Buxi Band and Kareli, are located at an average distance of 10 km, from
the city center. The transportation vehicles make
three to four trips per day to transport the MSW to these dumping sites. It
takes about 1.5 to 2.0 hours to make a trip depending on the traffic
conditions.
·The waste is transported
in open vehicles and this creates unhygienic conditions in the city.
Demand Side Problem –
The demand
side problem is related to unawareness as well as the practice of throwing the
wastes into the streets and drains. It is more prevalent in case of many
households in the city as well as within the community of small restaurants and
eateries; this unhygienic practice has resulted in clogging of drains.
Excessive polythene has also emerged out to be one of the reasons for frequent
clogging of drains.
7. References
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status, challenges, and potential for the future Indian cities – A review ,
Current Research in Environmental Sustainability 2 (2020) 100011;
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crsust.2020.100011 2666-0490
Integrated Solid Waste
Management Project at Allahabad (2022), CDM Executive Board, Uttar Pradesh
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Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), ISSN: 2278-0181, Vol. 3 Issue 6,
June – 2014.
Kumar, Akhilesh, Agrawal, Avlokita (2020). Recent trends in solid
waste management status, challenges, and potential for the future Indian cities
– A review. Current Research in Environmental
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Renu Hujare
and Kashinath Telsang
(2020) Solid Waste Generation Data Variability in India—An
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